Kedu ka nri ketogenic ga-esi nyere aka na-agwọ mgbaàmà nke nsogbu ụjọ (PD)?

Nri ketogenic na-agbanwe ma ọ dịkarịa ala anọ n'ime ọrịa ndị anyị na-ahụ na nsogbu ụjọ (PD) na ọgụ ụjọ. Ọrịa ndị a gụnyere glucose hypometabolism, neurotransmitter adịghị mma, mbufụt, na nrụgide oxidative. Nri ketogenic bụ ọgwụgwọ nri siri ike nke ga-emetụta usoro anọ ndị a na-akpata nsogbu a na-ahụ na mgbaàmà ụjọ (PD).

Okwu Mmalite

Na blọọgụ a, abụ m ọ bụghị na-aga ịkọwapụta mgbaàmà ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsogbu ụjọ. Emebere akwụkwọ ozi a ka ọ bụrụ nyocha ma ọ bụ mmụta n'ụzọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọtala blọgụ a, ị maara ihe nsogbu ụjọ bụ, ma eleghị anya gị ma ọ bụ onye ị hụrụ n'anya nwere ike na-ata ahụhụ na ya.

Ọ bụrụ na ịchọtala ọkwa blọgụ a, ị na-achọ nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ụjọ. Ị na-agbalị ịchọta ụzọ ị ga-esi mee ka ahụ dị gị mma.

Na njedebe nke blọọgụ a, ị ga-enwe ike ịghọta ụfọdụ n'ime usoro ndị dị n'okpuru na-ezighị ezi na ụbụrụ ndị mmadụ na-enwe nsogbu ụjọ na otú nri ketogenic nwere ike isi na-agwọ onye ọ bụla n'ime ha.

Ị ga-abịa ịhụ nri ketogenic dị ka ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ụjọ nwere ike ime maka mgbaàmà gị ma ọ bụ dị ka usoro nkwado iji na psychotherapy na / ma ọ bụ ọgwụ.

Ọ bụghị ọgwụ heresy ide nkwupụta n'elu. Kedu ihe kpatara na anyị agaghị atụle iji nri ketogenic n'ọnọdụ psychopharmacology maka nsogbu ụjọ? Ọgwụ ndị a na-eji maka nsogbu ụjọ gụnyere ndị na-emechi ihe nchịkwa serotonin (SSRIs) ma ọ bụ serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ụjọ n'oge nwere ike ịgụnye benzodiazapenes. Mgbe izu 4 ruo 6 gachara, enwere ike itinye gị nchikota ọgwụ ọ bụla nwere mmetụta dị iche iche dị egwu.

Tebụl na-egosi ntuziaka psychopharmacology maka ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ụjọ
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrịa Uche nke America na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke nchegbu, ọnyà, na nsogbu metụtara OCD. (2020). United States: American Psychiatric Association Mbipụta. p. 391

N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-ata ahụhụ site na PD na-egosi ntakịrị ma ọ bụ enweghị nzaghachi maka ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ, CBT na / ma ọ bụ ngwakọta ha. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ site na mgbaama ndị fọdụrụ nke na-emebi ọrụ.

Ọnụego mgbaghara enwetara na ọgwụ ọgwụ dị n'etiti 20% na 50%, yana ihe dị ka 20% nke ndị ọrịa ga-anọgide na-enwe nkụda mmụọ n'agbanyeghị na a na-enweta usoro ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ na/ma ọ bụ psychosocial.

Masdrakis, VG, & Baldwin, DS (2021)

Yabụ kedu ihe kpatara na anyị agaghị atụle ụzọ ọzọ isi gwọọ nsogbu ụjọ? Mgbe ọnụego ọgwụgwọ ọrịa ụjọ na-aga nke ọma site na iji ọgwụ psychotropic nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) dara ogbenye? CBT na-arụkwa ọrụ iji gbanwee kemịkalụ ụbụrụ, naanị ya. CBT bụ n'ezie ọgwụgwọ dabeere na-egosi maka nsogbu ụjọ (PD). Ma gịnị kpatara na anyị agaghị atụle ụzọ ndị ọzọ isi gbanwee kemịka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ anyị ma dozie ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-akpata, na-enwe ma ọ bụ na-enweghị uru nke psychotherapy?

A gwara anyị na naanị ihe kwesịrị ekwesị, nhọrọ dabere na sayensị bụ ụkpụrụ nlekọta. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị kpọmkwem Ọnwụnwa achịkwaghị achịkwa (RCT) ma na-eleba anya na nri ketogenic na nsogbu ụjọ (PD) na ngwakọta a kapịrị ọnụ, a gwara anyị na ọ bụghị n'ezie nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ. Nke ahụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ihe niile anyị maara banyere ka nri ketogenic si arụ ọrụ, usoro ndị dị n'okpuru achọpụtalarị, na profaịlụ njirimara anyị chọpụtara na nsogbu ụjọ enweghị njikọ zuru oke na enweghị RCT. Ma anyị ga-echere ka ego nke RCT dị otú ahụ mee na gburugburu ebe na-enye ego nyocha mgbe enwere uru psychopharm ga-enweta.

Gịnị ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ndị mgbaàmà nsogbu ụjọ na-aka mma na ọgwụ, mana mmetụta ọgwụ nwere ibu dị ukwuu nke ha? Ha kwesịrị ịdị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nlekọta? Kedu maka 20% nke ndị mmadụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mgbaàmà jọgburu onwe ya nke nsogbu ụjọ na enyereghị aka na ọgwụ na / ma ọ bụ ngwakọta psychotherapy. A ga-agwa ha na ha kwesịrị 'kpọgidere ebe ahụ' ruo mgbe Big Pharma nwetara RCT na ha agaghị enwe mkpali ego ime?

Echeghị m.

Kedu ihe bụ mgbanwe neurobiological hụrụ na nsogbu ụjọ (PD)? Ebee ka ụzọ ntinye aka ga-ekwe omume?

na ọzọ post, M banyere n'ụzọ zuru ezu banyere otú nri ketogenic nwere ike isi gbanwee mgbaàmà nke nchegbu site na-emetụta akụkụ anọ nke pathology a hụrụ na nsogbu ndị a.

  • Hypometabolism nke glucose
  • Mmetụta neurotransmitter
  • mbufụt
  • oxidative nchegbu

Na nsogbu ụjọ (PD) anyị na-ahụ ọ bụghị naanị ụfọdụ hypometabolism n'etiti ụbụrụ hemispheres kamakwa hyperexcitability nke na-egosi enweghị oke nhụsianya neurotransmitter. Nchọpụta ahụ na-emekwa ka anyị mara na ụbụrụ ụjọ na-atụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mbufụt na nrụgide oxidative. Ka anyị tụlee nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a.

Hypometabolism na nsogbu ụjọ (PD)

N'ezie, ee. Anyị na-ahụ hypometabolism na-eme na ụfọdụ akụkụ ụbụrụ na ndị nwere nsogbu ụjọ (PD).

Achọpụtara oke aka ekpe / aka nri (L/R) hemispheric nke mpaghara cerebral glucose metabolism rate (rCMRglc) (hippocampus na inferior prefrontal cortex) na ndị ọrịa ụjọ na-enweghị ọgwụ.

Nordahl, Thomas E., et al. (1998) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00026-2

Lezienụ anya na akụkụ ahụ gbasara Ebe anyị na-ahụ hypometabolism na ụbụrụ ụjọ. Nke hippocampus na cortex prefrontal.

Kedu ka nri ketogenic si agwọ hypometabolism na nsogbu ụjọ?

Neurons, oligodendrocytes, Na ọbụna ndị na -agụ kpakpando nwere ikike iji ketones dị ka isi iyi mmanụ. Nke a dị ezigbo mkpa maka ụbụrụ na n'ihi ihe ọ bụla, anaghị eji glucose nke ọma dị ka mmanụ ọkụ ọzọ ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ike igbo mkpa ume. Mgbe ụbụrụ na-eji ketones dị ka mmanụ ọkụ bụ isi (na ee, enwere akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụbụrụ chọrọ glucose nke imeju na-enye, ma ọ bụghị glucose nri) ọ na-eme ka ụbụrụ ahụ dịkwuo ike. Enwere usoro ole na ole na obere ume achọrọ iji ketone maka ume karịa glucose. Nke a na-enyere ụbụrụ hypometabolic aka, nke na-adịghị eji mmanụ ọkụ eme ihe nke ọma, nwee ike ịkwalite ume ụbụrụ.

N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ma nnukwu ma na-adịghị ala ala na-abawanye na ahụ ketone na sistemu ụjọ nke etiti na-ebute nnukwu mgbanwe na metabolism mmanụ ọkụ.

Jensen, NJ, Wodschow, HZ, Nilsson, M., & Rungby, J. (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228767

Ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ịmara, na nke a maara nke ọma ugbu a, na a na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịdọ site na iji nri ketogenic ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ihe mgbaàmà nke nsogbu ụjọ yiri nke a na-ahụ na ụfọdụ nsogbu ọdịdọ nke na ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti abụọ ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa nchọpụta nchọpụta na ngalaba nke akwara ozi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ma ọnyà lobe nke nwa oge na nsogbu ụjọ na-ekerịta ihe mgbaàmà ndị a:

  • paresthesia
  • debanye aha
  • dizziness
  • obi mgbu
  • egwu
  • ede akwụkwọ 

Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike iji nri ketogenic na-agwọ ihe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ọdịdọ, gịnị kpatara na ọ gaghị aba uru maka nsogbu ụjọ, nke na-ekerịta ọtụtụ mgbaàmà ahụ? Gịnị mere na anyị agaghị atụle ya?

Cheta akụkụ nke ụbụrụ chọpụtara na ha nwere hypometabolism na nsogbu ụjọ? Nke hippocampus na cortex prefrontal.

© ISTOCK.COM, JAMBOJAM

Nri ketogenic na-akwalite ihe a na-akpọ mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondrial biogenesis pụtara na mkpụrụ ndụ na-emepụta batrị nke ha ma mepụta ume karịa. Ketones na-ebuli oke nke ihe (phosphocreatine/creatine) na-eme ka metabolism nke hippocampal dịkwuo elu.

Nri ketogenic na-eme ka mgbaàmà nke Alzheimer na ọrịa neurodegenerative ndị ọzọ dịkwuo mma. Ọrịa Neurodegenerative nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụbụrụ na-ata ahụhụ site na hypometabolism. Otu n'ime ebe ndị ahụ dị ezigbo mkpa bụ cortex prefrontal. Ọ bụrụ na a na-eji nri ketogenic emeziwanye hypometabolism na akụkụ ụbụrụ dị ka prefrontal cortex na ọrịa neurodegenerative, gịnị kpatara na anyị anaghị eji ya maka nsogbu ụjọ, nke na-egosikwa hypometabolism na prefrontal cortex?

M ga-arụ ụka na anyị nwere ike. Ahụla m ndị ahịa na omume m bụ ndị kwalitere nke ọma site na iji nri ketogenic maka ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ụjọ, na ọbụna karịa na mgbakwunye nke Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) na njikọ ọgwụgwọ nri ketogenic.

Ọgba aghara ụjọ na enweghị atụ nke Neurotransmitter

Anyị na-ahụ n'ezie ngafe-aru oru na amygdala aka nri, aka ekpe na aka nri insula aka ekpe dị ala operculum, na gyrus ihu dị ala aka ekpe mgbe anyị na-anwa iji mkpochapụ omume (B na CBT na-anọchi anya Behavioral) na ihe mkpali dị iche iche na-akpali akpali ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa ahụike.

Enwere ihe akaebe siri ike maka mkpa serotonin dị na neurobiology nke nsogbu ụjọ (PD). N'ọgba aghara ụjọ, anyị na-ahụ okwu gbasara serotonin na-ejikọta na ndị na-anabata ya na ọmụmụ ihe na-akwadokarị na serotonin bụ ihe mgbochi nke mgbaàmà na nsogbu ụjọ. Enwere "mgbanwe na-arụ ọrụ na nke ụlọ ọgwụ dị na ihe dị iche iche" nke usoro serotonin nke na-emetụta neurocircuitry nke ụjọ (Maron, E., Shlik, J., 2006). E nwekwara echiche na ịrụ ọrụ nke norepinephrine, dopamine, na gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) usoro neurotransmitter na-ekere òkè na mgbaàmà nsogbu ụjọ.

Na mgbakwunye na ahaghị nhata nke serotonin, anyị na-ahụkwa nsogbu n'iji norepinephrine na nsogbu ụjọ (PD). Enwere hypersensitivity na ọrụ presynaptic nke norepinephrine na ndị nwere nsogbu ụjọ (PD) na nke a kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ngosipụta nke mgbaàmà PD pụta. Dopamine na-ekere òkè na ahụmịhe anyị nke nzaghachi ụjọ enweghị ọnọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị akwụkwọ buru ibu nke akọwapụtara maka nsogbu ụjọ na dopamine neurotransmitter adịghị mma, anyị na-ahụ ha n'ezie na ngosipụta nke nsogbu nchekasị ndị ọzọ. Ma usoro nnabata dopamine D1 na D2 dị mkpa n'ịgbazi nchegbu ma anyị na-ahụ oke nkesa dopaminergic innervation n'elu ihe owuwu maka sekit metụtara ụjọ na ụbụrụ. Dopamine itule nwere ọrụ dị mkpa ọ ga-arụ na ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ụjọ.

Kedu ka nri ketogenic si enyere aka na-agwọ nhụsianya neurotransmitter na nsogbu ụjọ (PD)?

Anyị na-ahụ hyper-excitability! Mmetụta neurotransmitter-nhazi nke nri ketogenic bụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka ụbụrụ ụjọ na-atụ. Nyocha nke akwụkwọ ndị na-eleba anya na nhazi nke neurotransmitter na ọmụmụ anụmanụ egosila ọganihu n'etiti glutamate (excitatory) na GABA (inhibitory) itule.

A na-akọkarị ọrụ Neurotransmitter na ọmụmụ agụnyere dị ka mgbanwe n'ime usoro ụjọ ahụ na-akwado mbelata ma ọ bụ mweghachi nke ọkwa nkịtị nke neuronal excitability. 

Ubi, R., Ubi, T., Pourkazemi, F., & Rooney, K. (2021). doi:10.1017/S0954422421000214

E gosiputara Glutamate ka ọ na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mmalite nke nsogbu metụtara nchekasị. Ọ bụ ezie na mmụba na nnweta na ọrụ nke GABA egosila na ọ na-ebelata ụjọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-ahụ maka mgbaka gị nwere ike ịnye gị onye na-egbochi GABA reuptake, na-atụ anya ikwe ka GABA ị na-eme ka ọ nọrọ ogologo oge n'etiti sel. A ga-eji ohere a na-enweta GABA ogologo oge iji mee ka ụbụrụ gị ghara iru ọnọdụ ụjọ (mwakpo ụjọ).

Nke a bụ ezi ebumnobi ma ọ dị mkpụmkpụ. GABA reuptake inhibitor agaghị enyere aka dozie ụzọ ndị ọzọ ụbụrụ gị anaghị arụ ọrụ ka nri ketogenic nwere ike. GABA reuptake inhibitor agaghị emetụta usoro ụbụrụ hypometabolism, nguzozi n'ozuzu neurotransmitter, nrụgide oxidative, na mbufụt neuronal. Mana nri ketogenic na-eme ya.

Mgbe anyị lere anya mmetụta nke nri ketogenic na nguzozi dopamine na ọrụ anyị na-ahụ mmetụta bara uru. Anyị maara na dopamine na-ekere òkè na nzaghachi egwu mmụta na nke a na-amụtaghị, nke dabara na mgbaàmà ndị nwere nsogbu ụjọ na-edi. A na-egosi nri ketogenic ka ọ na-emetụta ọrụ ndị na-anabata dopamine site na ike ya imetụta okwu nke neurotransmitter inhibitory a na-akpọ adenosine. A na-ahụ okwu ndị na-anabata dopamine (D1 na D2) na nsogbu ụjọ (PD) kpọmkwem. Mana ọ dabara nke ọma, nri ketogenic na-eme ihe yiri ka ọ bụ mmetụta bara uru na sistemu dopaminergic gụnyere nchegbu.

Kedu ka ọrụ sel ka emelitere si eme ka nguzozi nke neurotransmitter na nri ketogenic dị mma?

Nri ketogenic na-eme ka ọrụ akpụkpọ ahụ dịkwuo mma. Dị ka anyị mụtara Ebe a na post gara aga, arụ ọrụ akpụkpọ anụ sel ka mma na-eduga n'inwe mmetụta dị mma na ndị na-ahụ maka neurotransmitters.

Ọ na-eduga mbelata hyperexcitability na mma enzyme mmeghachi omume. A na-achọ mmeghachi omume enzymatic iji mee neurotransmitters, debe neurotransmitters gburugburu maka oge kwesịrị ekwesị, ma weda ha nke ọma.

Ọganihu na akpụkpọ ahụ sel neuronal pụtara mma nke na-ejikọta neurotransmitter na ndị na-anabata ya. Nke a metụtara ndị nwere nsogbu ụjọ n'ihi na ndị nwere nsogbu ụjọ (PD) na-egosi njikọ na-adịghị mma nke serotonin na ndị na-anabata ya. Nke a pụtara na ụbụrụ ha enweghị ike iji serotonin rụọ ọrụ nke ọma ka ọ ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na ahụike neuronal ha na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

Ma chere, ị kwuru. Mgbe m lere anya n'akwụkwọ ndị ị wetara na ndepụta ntụaka gị, ahụrụ m na enwere ihe na-ebute mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nsogbu ụjọ. Na ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị a na njikọ serotonin bụ n'ihi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa m!

Achọrọ m ka ị ghọta na ahụ ketone na-atụgharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa on na anya.

A maara ketones na-egosi ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwuo ma gbanyụọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-emetụta ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na elu na ala ụzọ ha si ekwu okwu. . Nke ahụ dị mma. Anaghị m ekwubiga okwu ókè na opekempe. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gị abụghị akara aka ịdịmma gị. Enwere ihe a na-akpọ epigenetics, nke pụtara na ihe dị n'ime na nke mpụga nwere ike ịgbanwuo ma gbanyụọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. E gosipụtara nri ketogenic iji gbanwee mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka mmepụta na ọrụ neurotransmitter na nnyefe synapti n'ụzọ bara ezigbo uru.

A na-ahụkwa nri ketogenic iji kwalite serotonin na nguzozi ọkwa nke ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka neurotransmitters dị ka GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, na dopamine. Ma ọ bụghị n'ụzọ nwere ike ime ka ukwuu nke ọ bụla nyere otu n'ime ndị a, na mgbe ahụ na-enye gị weird mmetụta. Nri ketogenic na-enyere ụbụrụ gị aka ịme naanị ọnụọgụ neurotransmitters ma kwe ka ụbụrụ gị jiri ha mee ihe nke ọma.

Enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla mgbe nri ketogenic na-edozi neurotransmitters gị ma mee ka ọrụ neuronal gị dịkwuo mma. Ọgwụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ndị na-enye nsogbu ma ọ bụ na-ama aka ahụike ogologo oge wee kwụsị ịdị irè ka oge na-aga. N'ihi nke a naanị, nri ketogenic kwesịrị ka a na-ewere dị ka ọgwụgwọ a na-akwado ma ọ bụ ọbụna masịrị maka nsogbu ụjọ na ọnọdụ uche na ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ.

Nsogbu ụjọ na nrụgide Oxidative

Nchegbu oxidative bụ mmebi nke ọrụ akpụkpọ ahụ cell n'ihi enweghị ike antioxidant zuru oke iji nagide mmebi radical free. Achọpụtala ndị nwere nsogbu ụjọ nwere ọkwa nrụgide oxidative dị elu karịa njikwa nkịtị, yana ọkwa kachasị elu nke nrụgide oxidative hụrụ na ndị nwere nsogbu ụjọ na agoraphobia. A na-ejikọta oke ọrịa na nsogbu ụjọ na ọkwa serum nke nrịbama na-egosi nrụgide oxidative dị elu.

Anyị amaghị ókè nrụgide oxidative na-enye aka na akara ngosi ụlọ ọgwụ akọwapụtara nke ọrịa uche, ma ya fọdụ naanị nsogbu ụjọ. A ka na-achọpụta ọrụ na-akpata nrụgide oxidative na nsogbu nchekasị. Ịchọta ọrụ na-akpata ga-adị mkpa maka ọgwụgwọ oge mbụ na ihe mgbochi mgbochi.

Mana ọ bụrụ na ị nwere nsogbu ụjọ, anyị maara na ị nwere akara ngosi dị elu nke nrụgide oxidative. Na ọbụna akara ngosi dị elu nke nrụgide oxidative ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-enwe nsogbu ụjọ na agoraphobia. Ọ bụ oge akaha ịchụso nrụgide oxidative maka ntinye aka? Ọ bụghị kpamkpam.

Nri ketogenic na nrụgide oxidative

Cheta otu n'ime akụkụ ndị bu ụzọ nke blọọgụ a anyị tụlere ka ahụ ketone si na-egosi ụmụ irighiri ihe? Ketones na-enwe ike ịgbanyụ ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ọtụtụ ọrụ cellular. Ọfọn, nke ahụ bụ akụkụ buru ibu nke ka nri ketogenic si enyere aka belata nrụgide oxidative. Otu ahụ ketone, ọkachasị, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) na-akwalite ihe nchebe antioxidant iji luso mbufụt na radicals ọgụ.

β-hydroxybutyrate na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nzaghachi nrụgide ma na-ahazi mmemme nchebe antioxidant iji nọgide na-enwe redox. homeostasis na nzaghachi maka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na metabolic

Rojas-Morales, P., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., & Tapia, E. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2019.101395

Yabụ kedu ihe ahụ ketone BHB nwere ike ime maka nrụgide oxidative nke nsogbu ụjọ? Ikekwe ajụjụ ka mma bụ kedu ihe obere ahụ ketone a enweghị ike ime ma a bịa n'ịkwalite ikike antioxidant anyị?

BHB na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe ụbụrụ gị pụọ na ya oxidative nchegbu site na usoro ozugbo na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè dịka:

  • ịbụ antioxidant maka hydroxyl radicals
  • na-egbochi ụdị oxygen mitochondrial reactive (ROS)
  • na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ mmemme antioxidant site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche

Maka ndị na-achọ ịpụ na usoro ndị a kpọmkwem na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè, enwere nnukwu akụkọ Ebe a.

Mbufụt na nsogbu ụjọ

A na-ahụ akara nrịbama na-adịghị ala ala na ndị nwere nsogbu ụjọ. Mfụfụ na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ọkụ na-agba ngwa ngwa, na-ebupụ ihe dị iche iche na-akpasu iwe na-emebi cellular ma na-emetụta ọrụ cell. A na-akpọkarị ihe ndị a dị ka cytokines mkpali. A na-achọpụta na cytokines na-egbuke egbuke na-agbanwe agbanwe na ndị nwere nsogbu ụjọ, na e nwere aro na a na-enyocha ha dị ka ihe nwere ike ịkpata ya.

Usoro mbufụt nwere ike ịnweta ụbụrụ, ma welie ọkwa cytokine pro-inflammatory nke egosiri na ọ na-ebute mmetụta neurotoxic ozugbo na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè.

meriri, E., & Kim, YK (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186546

Ọfụfụ na-adịghị ala ala a na-agwọghị ya na-eme ụbụrụ ụbụrụ ma na-ebute mgbanwe na-adịghị mma na nhazi ụbụrụ, ọrụ, na njikọ nke prefrontal na akụkụ limbic. Ndenye ọgwụ SSRI nwere ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mkpali dị nro, mana n'ime nsogbu ụjọ siri ike ebe anyị na-ahụ oke mbufụt, enwere ike mee na nsonaazụ ya ezughi oke.

Nri ketogenic maka mbufụt

Nri ketogenic dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka nsogbu ụjọ nwere ike ịba uru n'ihi na ketone na-enye ihe mgbochi mkpali na neuroprotective. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ahụ anyị zubere ka ketones bịa napụta. Mkpụrụ ndụ neuroinflammatory anyị ejirila ndị na-anabata ya (HCA2) na-ewere na kpamkpam endogenous (ahụ gị na-eme ya) neuroprotective ketone ahụ β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)!

Ahụ Ketone na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe mgbaàmà na-egbochi ụzọ mbufụt, na-atụgharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma gbanyụọ n'ụzọ iji mezuo ebumnuche a.

Nri ketogenic na-enyekwa aka na-agwọ ọzịza site n'ịkwalite ahụike metabolic. Mwepụ nke carbohydrates a nụchara anụcha na mbelata oriri carbohydrate n'ozuzu ya na-eduga n'ịbelata nrụgide metabolic na ahụ site n'ịgwọ hyperglycemia (ọbara shuga dị elu) na hyperinsulinemia (insulin na-adịghị ala ala ma na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ghara ịmị glucose nke ọma). Ọrịa metabolic nwere ike ime na ndị na-enwetabeghị ụdị ọrịa shuga II nke dọkịta ha. Ị nwere ike ịdị gịrịgịrị ma nwee nsogbu metabolic. Nri ketogenic na-eme ka ahụ ike na-edozi ahụ na-edozi ahụ, nke na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke nrụgide oxidative.

mmechi

Nri ketogenic bụ ntinye aka dị irè iji gwọọ hypometabolism glucose, adịghị ike nke neurotransmitter, nrụgide oxidative, na neuroinflammation. Ndị a bụ steeti pathological anyị na-ahụ ugbu a na nsogbu ụjọ (PD). Ndị mmadụ na-enwe nsogbu ụjọ kwesịrị inye nhọrọ nke nri ketogenic dị ka usoro ọgwụgwọ bụ isi ma ọ bụ nkwado nkwado nke nwere ike ịgụnye ọgwụ na/ma ọ bụ psychotherapy dị ka onye ahịa na-ahọrọ.

Ọ bụ ezie na ekwesịrị ịnye gị ụkpụrụ nlekọta mgbe niile, dị ka onye na-enwe nsogbu ụjọ, ọ dị mkpa ka ị mara nhọrọ ndị ọzọ nwekwara ihe akaebe. Ya mere, ị nwere ike ime mkpebi ziri ezi gbasara nlekọta ha.

Ị nwere ikike ịmara ụzọ dị iche iche ị ga-esi na-enwe mmetụta karịa.

Nri ketogenic bụ otu n'ime ha. Ọ dịkwa m mkpa ka mmadụ gwa gị nke ahụ ka i wee nwee ike ime mkpebi ziri ezi gbasara ọgwụgwọ gị.

Achọrọ m ịgba gị ume ka ị mụtakwuo gbasara nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ gị site na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a blog posts. Ana m ede maka usoro dị iche iche n'ọkwa dị iche iche nke nkọwa nke ị nwere ike ịhụ na ọ na-enyere gị aka ịmụta na njem ahụike gị. Ị nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ ya Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Ketogenic ibe iji mụta ka ndị ọzọ siri jiri nri ketogenic agwọ ọrịa uche na omume m. Ma ị nwere ike irite uru site n'ịghọta ka iso onye ndụmọdụ ahụike uche na-arụ ọrụ mgbe ị na-atụgharị gaa na nri ketogenic nwere ike inye aka ebe a.

Kekọrịta ozi blọgụ a ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ gị na ndị enyi na ezinụlọ na-arịa ọrịa uche. Mee ka ndị mmadụ mara na olileanya dị.

Ị nwere ike ịmụtakwu gbasara m Ebe a. Ọ bụrụ n’ịchọrọ ịmatakwu gbasara mmemme ịntanetị m dị ka onye nkuzi na onye nkuzi ahụike na-arụ ọrụ ị ga-ahụ ozi ahụ ebe a:

Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ajụjụ dị mfe biko egbula oge ịkpọtụrụ m Ebe a. Enwere m obi ụtọ n'ikike ị nwere mmetụta nke ọma!

Dị ka ihe ị na-agụ na blọgụ? Chọrọ ịmụta maka webinars na-abịa, nkuzi na ọbụna na-enye nkwado na iso m na-arụkọ ọrụ maka ebumnuche ọdịmma gị? Dejupụta fọm dị n'okpuru ma denye aha naanị ogologo oge masịrị gị.


References

Bisaga, A., Katz, JL, Antonini, A., Wright, CE, Margoulef, C., Gorman, JM, & Eidelberg, D. (1998). Metabolism nke cerebral glucose n'ime ụmụ nwanyị nwere nsogbu ụjọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(9), 1178-1183. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.9.1178

Blanco-Gandía, M. del C., Ródenas-González, F., Pascual, M., Reguilón, MD, Guerri, C., Miñarro, J., & Rodríguez-Arias, M. (2021). Nri Ketogenic na-ebelata ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya n'ime oke oke nwoke. Nri, 13(7), 2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072167

Bonevski, D., & Naumovska, A. (2019). Mwakpo ụjọ na nsogbu ụjọ. N'ime Psychopathology—Ntụgharị uche nke mba ụwa na nke mmekọrịta. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86898

Brandão, ML, & Coimbra, NC (2019). Ịghọta ọrụ nke dopamine na egwu ọnọdụ na enweghị ọnọdụ. Nyocha na Neurosciences, 30(3), 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2018-0023

Choi, KW, Jang, EH, Kim, AY, Kim, H., Park, MJ, Byun, S., Fava, M., Mischoulon, D., Papakostas, GI, Yu, HY, & Jeon, HJ (2021) ). Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-egbuke egbuke na-ebu amụma maka mgbanwe na echiche igbu onwe ya na nnukwu nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi na nsogbu ụjọ: Ọmụmụ ihe nyocha nke izu 12. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 133, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.011

Churchka, WH, Adams, RE, & Wyss, LS (2014). Nri ketogenic na-agbanwe ọrụ dopaminergic na cortex òké. Neuroscience Akwụkwọ edemede, 571, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.016

Cosci, F., & Mansueto, G. (2019). Ihe nrịbama ndu na ụlọ ọgwụ na nsogbu ụjọ. Nyocha gbasara uche, 16(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2018.07.26

de Carvalho, MR, Dias, GP, Cosci, F., de-Melo-Neto, VL, Bevilaqua, MC do N., Gardino, PF, & Nardi, AE (2010). Nchọpụta fMRI dị ugbu a na nsogbu ụjọ: ntinye aka maka egwu neurocircuitry na mmetụta CBT. Nyochaa Ọkachamara Ọrịa Neurotherapeutics, 10(2), 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.09.161

Du, Y., Du, B., Diao, Y., Yin, Z., Li, J., Shu, Y., Zhang, Z., & Chen, L. (2021). Ntụle arụmọrụ na nnabata nke antidepressants na benzodiazepines maka ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ụjọ: nyocha nhazi na netwọkụ meta-analysis. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Asia nke Psychiatry, 60, 102664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102664

Ersoy, MA, Selek, S., Celik, H., Erel, O., Kaya, MC, Savas, HA, & Herken, H. (2008). Ọrụ nke Oxidative na Antioxidative Parameters na Etiopathogenesis na Prognosis nke Nsogbu ụjọ. International Journal of Neuroscience, 118(7), 1025-1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450701769026

Gul, IG, Karlidag, R., Cumurcu, BE, Turkoz, Y., Kartalci, S., Ozcan, AC, & Erdemli, ME (2013). Mmetụta nke Agoraphobia na nrụgide Oxidative na nsogbu ụjọ. Nyocha gbasara uche, 10(4), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2013.10.4.317

Hassan, W., Eduardo Barroso Silva, C., Mohammadzai, IU, Batista Teixeira da Rocha, J., & Landeira-Fernandez, J. (2014). Njikọ nke Nchegbu Oxidative na Jenesis nke Nchegbu: Mmetụta maka Ọgwụgwọ Ọgwụgwọ enwere ike. Neuropharmacology dị ugbu a, 12(2), 120-139.

Henderson, ST (2008). Ahụ Ketone dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa Alzheimer. Neurotherapeutics, 5(3), 470-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2008.05.004

Hoge, E. a., Brandstetter, K., Moshier, S., Pollack, M. h., Wong, K. k., & Simon, N. m. (2009). Ọdịiche dị iche iche nke cytokine adịghị mma na nsogbu ụjọ na nsogbu nrụgide posttraumatic. Mmetụta na Nchegbu, 26(5), 447-455. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20564

Hurley, RA, Fisher, R., & Taber, KH (2006). Ụjọ mmalite mberede: Aura Akwụkwụ na-adọ ma ọ bụ nsogbu ụjọ? Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Neuropsychiatry na Clinical Neurosciences, 18(4), 436-443. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2006.18.4.436

Jensen, NJ, Wodschow, HZ, Nilsson, M., & Rungby, J. (2020). Mmetụta nke ahụ Ketone na metabolism ụbụrụ na ọrụ na ọrịa Neurodegenerative. Akwụkwọ bụ International Journal of Scholarships, 21(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228767

Kulaksizoglu, B., & Kulaksizoglu, S. (2017). Thiol-Disulfide Homeostasis na ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu ụjọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke Clinical Medicine, 08(01), 34. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2017.81004

Kuloglu, M., Atmaca, M., Tezcan, E., Ustundag, B., & Bulut, S. (2002a). Enzyme Antioxidant na ọkwa malondialdehyde na ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu ụjọ. Neuropsychobiology, 46(4), 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1159/000067810

Kuloglu, M., Atmaca, M., Tezcan, E., Ustundag, B., & Bulut, S. (2002b). Enzyme Antioxidant na ọkwa malondialdehyde na ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu ụjọ. Neuropsychobiology, 46(4), 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1159/000067810

Lydiard, RB (2003). Ọrụ GABA na Nsogbu Nchegbu. 7.

Maron, E., Nutt, DJ, Kuikka, J., & Tiihonen, J. (2010). Ndị na-ebufe Dopamine na-ejikọta ụmụ nwanyị nwere nsogbu ụjọ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche na ọkwa ụlọ ọgwụ. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(1), 56-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.04.014

Maron, E., & Shlik, J. (2006). Ọrụ Serotonin na nsogbu ụjọ: ọ dị mkpa, mana gịnị kpatara? Neuropsychopharmacology, 31(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300880

Maron, E., Tasa, G., To˜ru, I., Lang, A., Vasar, V., & Shlik, J. (2004). Njikọ dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa polymorphisms metụtara Serotonin na mwakpo ụjọ CCK-4 butere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị 5-hydroxytryptophan Pretreatment na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ahụike. World Journal nke ndu banyere ndu, 5(3), 149-154.

Martin, EI, Ressler, KJ, Binder, E., & Nemeroff, CB (2009). Neurobiology nke nsogbu nchegbu: Brain Imaging, Genetics, and Psychoneuroendocrinology. Ụlọ ọgwụ mgbaka, 32(3), 549-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.004

Masdrakis, VG, & Baldwin, DS (2021). Ọgwụ anticonvulsant na antipsychotic na pharmacotherapy nke nsogbu ụjọ: nyocha ahaziri. Ọganihu ọgwụgwọ na Psychopharmacology, 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253211002320

MSc, NMS, MD, MD, EH, ABPP, BOR, Ph D., & Ph.D, DJS, MD (2020). Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrịa Uche nke America na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke nchegbu, ọnyà, na nsogbu metụtara OCD, mbipụta nke atọ.. Ụlọ mmanya na-ahụ maka mgbakasị nke America.

Newberg, AB, Moss, AS, Monti, DA, & Alavi, A. (2011). Positron emission tomography na ọrịa uche. Annals nke New York Academy of Sciences, 1228(1), E13 – E25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06162.x

Nguyen, D., Alushaj, E., Erb, S., & Ito, R. (2019). Mmetụta dissociative nke dorsomedial striatum D1 na D2 antagonism receptor antagonism na nhazi nke nchegbu na ịmụta ụzọ-ezere mkpebi esemokwu. Neuropharmacology, 146, 222-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.040

Nishimura, Y., Tanii, H., Fukuda, M., Kajiki, N., Inoue, K., Kaiya, H., Nishida, A., Okada, M., & Okazaki, Y. (2007). Nkwụsị ihu n'ihu n'oge ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na ndị ọrịa na-adịghị ahụkebe ọgwụ na-enwe nsogbu ụjọ dị ka nyocha nke ọtụtụ ọwa nso-infrared spectroscopy imaging. Nnyocha sayensị Neuroscience, 59(1), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.05.016

Nordahl, TE, Semple, WE, Gross, M., Mellman, TA, Stein, MB, Goyer, P., King, AC, Uhde, TW, & Cohen, RM (1990). Ọdịiche nke glucose nke cerebral na ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu ụjọ. Neuropsychopharmacology: Nchịkọta akụkọ nke American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 3(4), 261-272.

Nordahl, TE, Stein, MB, Benkelfat, C., Semple, WE, Andreason, P., Zametkin, A., Uhde, TW, & Cohen, RM (1998). Regional cerebral metabolic asymmetries emepụtagharịrị n'ime otu nọọrọ onwe ya nke ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu ụjọ. Nyocha Ọrịa, 44(10), 998-1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00026-2

Oliva, A., Torre, S., Taranto, P., Delvecchio, G., & Brambilla, P. (2021). Mmekọrịta akwara ozi nke nhazi mmetụta uche na nsogbu ụjọ: Obere nyocha nke ọmụmụ imaging resonance magnet na-arụ ọrụ. Na-edeba Mmetụta Ndị Na-akpata Ahụhụ, 282, 906-914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.085

Perrotta, G. (2019). Ọgba aghara ụjọ: Nkọwa, Okwu, Mmekọ akwara na usoro ụlọ ọgwụ. Usoro dị ugbu a na Clinical & Medical Sciences, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.33552/CTCMS.2019.01.000508

Petrowski, K., Wichmann, S., & Kirschbaum, C. (2018). Mmetụta cytokine pro- na mgbochi mkpali kpatara na ndị ọrịa ụjọ. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 94, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.005

Pezze, MA, & Feldon, J. (2004). Ụzọ Mesolimbic dopaminergic na nhazi egwu. Ọganihu na Neurobiology, 74(5), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.004

Prasko, J., Horacek, J., Záleský, R., Kopecek, M., Novak, T., Pasková, B., Skrdlantová, L., Belohlávek, O., & Höschl, C. (2004). Mgbanwe nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ mpaghara (18FDG PET) na nsogbu ụjọ n'oge ọgwụgwọ ya na ọgwụgwọ omume ma ọ bụ antidepressants. Akwụkwọ Neuro Endocrinology, 25, 340-348.

Nsogbu uche na nrụgide oxidative. (nd). Eweghachitere Disemba 5, 2021, site na https://www.ejmoams.com/ejmoams-articles/psychological-disorders-and-oxidative-stress-73775.html

Putnam, KM (1999). Ọrụ ụbụrụ mpaghara, mmetụta na nsogbu nke mmetụta uche. Mkpebi ugbu a na Neurobiology. https://www.academia.edu/62072621/Regional_brain_function_emotion_and_disorders_of_emotion

Quagliato, LA, & Nardi, AE (2018). Mgbanwe Cytokine na nsogbu ụjọ: nyocha nhazi. Na-edeba Mmetụta Ndị Na-akpata Ahụhụ, 228, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.094

Ravishankar, U., Savita, N., Siddique, MU, & Pande, S. (2007). Onyonyo ụbụrụ na-arụ ọrụ. Apollo Medicine, 4(1), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0976-0016(11)60429-8

Riaza Bermudo-Soriano, C., Perez-Rodriguez, MM, Vaquero-Lorenzo, C., & Baca-Garcia, E. (2012). Echiche ọhụrụ na glutamate na nchekasị. Ọrịa ọgwụ, Mmiri nke Mmiri, na Omume, 100(4), 752-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2011.04.010

Rojas-Morales, P., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., & Tapia, E. (2020). Ahụ Ketone, nzaghachi nrụgide, na redox homeostasis. Redox Biology, 29, 101395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2019.101395

Schwarzmeier, H., Kleint, NI, Wittchen, HU, Ströhle, A., Hamm, AO, & Lueken, U. (2019). N'ịkọwapụta ọdịdị nke ụkọ mmụta mmụta mmetụta mmetụta uche na nsogbu ụjọ: Ọmụmụ fMRI gbasara oyi egwu, nkuzi mkpochapụ na icheta. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(2), 306-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.1108

Son, H., Baek, JH, Kang, JS, Jung, S., Chung, HJ, & Kim, HJ (2021). β-hydroxybutyrate na-abawanye nke ukwuu na-ekere òkè na cortex prefrontal iji gbanarị ọnọdụ nrụgide n'oge nzaghachi nrụgide dị ukwuu. Nyocha Mgbasa Ozi na Biophysical Research, 554, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.062

Steenkamp, ​​LR, Hough, CM, Reus, VI, Jain, FA, Epel, ES, James, SJ, Morford, AE, Mellon, SH, Wolkowitz, OM, & Lindqvist, D. (2017). Oke nchegbu - ma ọ bụghị ịda mbà n'obi - jikọtara ya na nrụgide oxidative na nnukwu nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi. Na-edeba Mmetụta Ndị Na-akpata Ahụhụ, 219, 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.042

Thoma, L., Koller-Schlaud, K., Gaudlitz, K., Tänzer, N., Gallinat, J., Kathmann, N., Ströhle, A., Rentzsch, J., & Plag, J. (2021) . Fronto-lateral alpha ike asymmetry na nsogbu ụjọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke Psychophysiology, 167, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.015

Wade-Bohleber, LM, Thoma, R., & Gerber, AJ (2020). Njikọ akwara ozi nke mkpali onwe ya na valence na ahụike na nsogbu ụjọ. Nyocha Ọrịa Uche: Neuroimaging, 305, 111186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111186

Won, E., & Kim, Y.-K. (2020). Mgbanwe Neuroinflammation jikọtara nke ụbụrụ dị ka ihe ndị na-ahụ maka akwara nwere ike ịdị na nsogbu nchekasị. Akwụkwọ bụ International Journal of Scholarships, 21(18), 6546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186546

Yang, Y., Kircher, T., & Straube, B. (2014). Ihe na-eme ka akwara na-emekọ ihe nke ọgwụgwọ omume cognitive: Ọganihu na-adịbeghị anya na nyocha nke ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu ụjọ. Achọpụta Ahụm na Ahụhụ, 62, 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.011

Yang, Y., Lueken, U., Richter, J., Hamm, A., Wittmann, A., Konrad, C., Ströhle, A., Pfleiderer, B., Herrmann, MJ, Lang, T., Lotze , M., Deckert, J., Arolt, V., Wittchen, H.-U., Straube, B., & Kircher, T. (2020). Mmetụta nke CBT na netwọk Semantic Biased na nsogbu ụjọ: Ọmụmụ fMRI multicenter na-eji Semantic Priming. Akwụkwọ akụkọ American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(3), 254-264. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19020202

Zangrossi, H., Del Ben, CM, Graeff, FG, & Guimarães, FS (2020). Isi nke 36-Serotonin na ụjọ na nsogbu nchekasị. Na CP Müller & KA Cunningham (Eds.), Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Behavioral Neuroscience (Mpịakọta 31, p. 611–633). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00036-0

Zarrindast, M.-R., & Khakpai, F. (2015). Ọrụ Modulatory nke Dopamine na Omume Dị ka Nchegbu. Ihe ndekọ nke ọgwụ ndị Iran, 18(9), 591-603. https://doi.org/0151809/AIM.009

Zwanzger, P., Eser, D., Nothdurfter, C., Baghai, TC, Möller, H.-J., Padberg, F., & Rupprecht, R. (2009). Mmetụta nke GABA-reuptake inhibitor tiagabine na ụjọ na nchekasị na ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu ụjọ. Ọrịa na-edozi ahụ, 42(6), 266-269. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1241798