Ka Biogenesis, Dynamics, na Mitophagy si edozi ụbụrụ gị
Oge echere ịgụ oge: 8 nkeji
Ụfọdụ n'ime gị na-amalite ịghọta na ịkwesịrị ilekwasị anya na ọrụ mitochondrial iji nwee ụbụrụ dị mma nke na-enye ohere dị mma na ọrụ ụbụrụ rockin. Ụfọdụ n'ime unu dị mma na ịmara mitochondria bụ isi. Ma ị nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ blọgụ a dị mfe gbasara organelles ndị a dị ịtụnanya!
Mana ụfọdụ n'ime unu chọrọ ịmatakwu gbasara mitochondria, na ịmụ gbasara ha dị gị mkpa. Ị nwere ike ịdị ka m, onye kwesịrị ịghọta n'ezie na nkà mmụta sayensị m "ihe kpatara" maka ihe na-aga niile na ka omume ọhụrụ m nwere nzube. Yabụ ọ bụrụ na ị dị ka nke ahụ, blọọgụ a bụ maka gị!
Ka anyị tụlee ụzọ ndị na-edobe ahụike mitochondrial wee lelee ka nri ketogenic nwere ike isi metụta ụzọ ndị ahụ iji nyere gị aka inwe mmetụta dị mma. Anyị ga-amalite?
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Mitochondrial biogenesis bụ usoro a na-esi na mitochondria ọhụrụ na-emepụta n'ime cell, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịhazi metabolism nke cell, na-ejigide ike homeostasis, na ibelata mmetụta nke nrụgide oxidative. A na-ahazi usoro a nke ukwuu yana gụnyere nchikota mgbagwoju anya nke okwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ntụgharị protein, na mgbakọ organelle.
Onye isi ọkwọ ụgbọ ala nke mitochondrial biogenesis bụ co-activator transcriptional PGC-1a. Atụla egwu site na ofe mkpụrụedemede ntakịrị. Nke a dị mfe nghọta! Ekwere m gị nkwa.
Koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa PGC-1a maka protein a na-akpọ PGC-1a. Ọ bụghị ihe mgbagwoju anya, dịka ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ntụziaka maka ịmepụta protein.
PGC-1a bụ protein nke na-enyere aka ịmepụta na ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ ike mitochondria na neurons site n'ịkwalite mmepụta nke mitochondria ọhụrụ. Ọ na-eme ka ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-etinye aka na mitochondrial biogenesis (okike!) na arụ ọrụ, n'ikpeazụ na-emepụta mitochondria ọhụrụ na ịkwalite ikike nke mitochondria dị ugbu a iji mepụta ume!
N'ozuzu, usoro nke mitochondrial biogenesis na-agụnye nkwupụta nhazi nke ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mgbakọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke protein na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ, na-ejedebe na nhazi nke mitochondria ọhụrụ n'ime cell. Ma ọ bụrụ na ịnweghị akụkụ a nke ọrụ mitochondrial na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ dị mma, ụbụrụ gị ga-agụ agụụ maka ike ọ chọrọ iji rụọ ọrụ na ịnọgide na-enwe onwe ya. Ọ na-ebute nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ nke na-ebute nsogbu na ụzọ mitochondrial ndị ọzọ.
Ya mere, ka anyị mụtakwuo.
Mitochondrial Dynamics
Mitochondrial dynamics na-ezo aka n'ụzọ mitochondria si agbanwe ọdịdị na nha ha na nzaghachi nye akara dị iche iche na ahụ anyị. A na-achịkwa usoro a site na isi usoro abụọ: njikọ na fission. Atụla egwu na okwu abụọ a (dị ka m), n'ihi na m ga-akọwa ha ngwa ngwa ebe a.
Fusion bụ mgbe mitochondria abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa gbakọtara iji mepụta netwọk ka ukwuu, nke jikọrọ ọnụ, ebe fission bụ mgbe mitochondion na-ekewa n'ime nkeji abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ngwakọta nke mitochondria nwere ike ịbawanye ụba ike nke emepụtara, ebe fission nwere ike ibelata ya. Nke a na-enye ohere maka mitochondria imeghari ka ike dị iche iche chọrọ na cell.
Site n'inwe njikọ na fission, mitochondria nwere ike ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ike na-achọ ma zaghachi nrụgide cellular. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mgbe mitochondria na-ejikọta ọnụ, ha na-ekerịta ihe onwunwe ma nwee ike ịmepụta ume karịa mgbe ha dị iche. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe mitochondria na-enweta fission, ha na-adị ntakịrị ma dịpụrụ adịpụ, nke nwere ike ibelata mmepụta ume.
Mgbanwe na ọdịdị mitochondrial dị mkpa ma nwee ike inyere ha aka ịzaghachi nrụgide cellular. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-ekpughere mkpụrụ ndụ na ọkwa dị elu nke nrụgide oxidative (nke nwere ike imebi mkpụrụ ndụ na DNA), mitochondria nwere ike ịnweta fission iji mepụta mitochondria ọhụrụ, ahụike ka mma nke nwere ike ịnagide nrụgide ahụ. Mgbanwe ndị a na ọdịdị (morphology) nwekwara ike inye aka mee ka nkwurịta okwu dị n'etiti mitochondria na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke cell. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngwakọta nke mitochondria nwere ike inye ohere maka mgbanwe nke protein na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ n'etiti mitochondria, nke nwere ike dị mkpa maka ịhazi metabolism cellular na mmepụta ume.
Mitochondrial Mitophagy
Mitochondrial mitophagy bụ usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ahọrọ na-ewepụ mitochondria mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe netwọk mitochondrial dị mma ma belata nrụgide oxidative. Ma unu niile mara ugbu a ihe nke ahụ pụtara maka ọrụ ụbụrụ!
Usoro nke mitochondrial mitophagy gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro. Nke mbụ, a na-achọpụta mitochondria mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na akara maka mbibi site na usoro a na-akpọ ubiquitination. Okwu a na-atọ ụtọ na-akọwa usoro nke a na-etinye protein a na-akpọ ubiquitin na mitochondria mebiri emebi, na-akara ha maka iwepụ.
Na-esote, mitochondria akara bụ ihe owuwu akpụkpọ anụ a na-akpọ autophagosome gbara ya gburugburu, bụ nke na-emepụta vesicle nke na-ekpuchi mitochondria mebiri emebi. Autophagosome na-ejikọta ya na lysosome, akụkụ ahụ pụrụ iche nke nwere enzymes nke nwere ike ịkụda ma mebie ihe mkpofu cellular.
Ozugbo mitochondria mebiri emebi dị n'ime lysosome, enzymes na-akụda ha n'ime akụkụ ha, nke cell nwere ike imegharị ya. Ọ bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro yana ịhazi akụkụ cellular dị iche iche. Ọ dabara nke ọma, ịkwesighi ịghọta usoro niile iji mara na usoro mitochondrial a dị oke mkpa maka ebumnuche ahụike ụbụrụ gị.
N'oge nke mitochondrial dysfunction na ọdịda nke mitochondrial àgwà akara usoro (dị ka mitophagy) ROS/RNS nwere ike ime ka mmebi nke cellular macromolecules cellular na necrotic cell ọnwụ. Njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị na nhazi nke ụzọ mitophagy dị oke mkpa iji gbochie ọnwụ cell na mbufụt.
Swerdlow, NS, & Wilkins, HM (2020). Mitophagy na ụbụrụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụwa nke sayensị, 21(24), 9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249661
Usoro a nke nhọrọ mwepụ nke mitochondria mebiri emebi na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe netwọọdụ mitochondrial dị mma ma belata nrụgide oxidative na n'ụzọ bụ isi bụ nnukwu akụkụ nke ikike gị iji nwetaghachi ọnọdụ gị na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi gị!
#MitochondriaMatter
N'ime ụbụrụ, mitophagy dị mkpa karịsịa n'ihi nnukwu ume nke mkpụrụ ndụ ụbụrụ na-enwe ike ịnweta nrụgide oxidative. Ọrụ mitochondrial na-adịghị mma na nrụgide oxidative etinyewo aka na mmepe nke ọrịa dị iche iche nke neurodegenerative na ọrịa uche.
Nri Ketogenic na Mitochondria
Echere m na ọ dị mkpa ka ị mara na nri ketogenic nwere mmetụta dị mma na ụzọ mitochondrial ndị a.
Enwere ihe akaebe na nri ketogenic nwere ike imetụta mgbanwe nke mitochondrial, gụnyere usoro nke njikọta na fission nke na-akpụzi morphology mitochondrial. Nnyocha na anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ egosila na nri ketogenic nwere ike ime ka nkwupụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-etinye aka na mitochondrial fusion, na-amụba nha mitochondrial na mgbagwoju anya netwọk.
Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosiwo na nri ketogenic nwere ike ibelata okwu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-etinye aka na mitochondrial fission, nke nwere ike ịkwalite mịtochondrial fragmentation na dysfunction. Kpọmkwem, a chọpụtala nri ketogenic iji belata okwu nke protein Drp1, nke na-etinye aka na usoro nke mitochondrial fission.
KD nwere ike ịkwụsị nrụgide ER [endoplasmic reticulum] ma chebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe mitochondrial site na ibelata ntụgharị mitochondrial nke Drp1 iji gbochie NLRP3 mkpali na-ere ọkụ, si otú a na-arụ ọrụ neuroprotective.
Gịnị mere anyị ga-eji chọọ ibelata fission mitochondrial? N'ihi na oke mitochondrial fission nwere ike iduga na mitochondrial fragmentation na dysfunction, nke e jikọtara ya na ọrịa dị iche iche, gụnyere ọrịa neurodegenerative.
Mgbanwe ndị a na mgbanwe nke mitochondrial nwere ike itinye aka na mmụba zuru oke na ọrụ mitochondrial nke a na-ahụ na nri ketogenic.
Ọ bụ ezie na usoro nke nri ketogenic nwere ike ime ka ọnọdụ ndị a gbasaa karịa ọrụ mitochondrial, oke oke nke ketosis na-edozi ahụ na-abawanye ịdabere na mitochondrial metabolism na-egosi na mmegharị mitochondrial bụ isi ihe.
Miller, VJ, Villamena, FA, & Volek, JS (2018). Ketosis na-edozi ahụ na mitohormesis: ihe nwere ike ime maka ọrụ mitochondrial na ahụike mmadụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nri na metabolism, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5157645
mmechi
Yabụ ee, mitochondria bụ ụlọ ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ anyị, na-ahụ maka imepụta ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ anyị kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Mana usoro nke mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial mitophagy, na mitochondrial biogenesis dịkwa oke mkpa maka idobe ahụike akụkụ ahụ ndị a dị mkpa na ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị.
Site na usoro ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike ịhazi mmepụta ume na metabolism na ụbụrụ. Anyị chọrọ ụzọ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma iji mee mgbanwe n'ịgbanwe mkpa ume, na-anabata nrụgide cellular, ma gbochie mmụkọ nke mitochondria mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. Ma gịnị na-eme ma ọ bụrụ na ụzọ ndị a na-adịghị mma na ụbụrụ? Anyị na-ahụ mmepe nke ọrịa uche na ọrịa neurodegenerative.
Ọ bụrụ na okwu ikpeazụ ahụ na-ada ụda na-ezighị ezi na nke na-abụghị nke sayensị, ọ dị gị mkpa ịchụkwudo na ngalaba nke isi mgbaka metabolic na akwara ozi. M ga-akwado ka ị lelee Akwụkwọ Chris Palmer Brain Energy (lee ntụnyere).
Na blọgụ blọgụ a, ị mụtala na nyocha na nso nso a na-akwado nkwuputa na nri ketogenic nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mkpa maka mgbanwe na ọrụ mitochondrial. Ma anyị anaghị ekwu maka nri ketogenic nke na-arụ ọrụ wimpy. Nri ketogenic na-agbanwe n'ụzọ nkịtị okwu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-etinye aka na mitochondrial fission na ngwakọta ma na-arụ ọrụ neuroprotective.
Ọ bụrụ n’ịchọrọ ka gị na m rụọ ọrụ ka ị nwee ọrụ mitochondrial kick-ass dị ka ndị a, a na-anabata gị ka ị jụọ maka mmemme ịntanetị m n'okpuru:
Olileanya m bụ na blọgụ blọgụ a enyerela gị aka ịghọta usoro ndị na-achịkwa ọrụ mitochondrial na mgbanwe na otú nri ketogenic nwere ike isi bụrụ ihe enyemaka siri ike iji gwọọ ọrịa metabolic na ụbụrụ nke gosipụtara dị ka ọrịa uche na ọrịa akwara ozi.
N'ihi na ị nwere ikike ịmara ụzọ niile ị ga-esi nweta mma.
References
Guo, M., Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Yang, Q., Ding, H., Dong, Q., … & Cui, M. (2018). Nri ketogenic na-eme ka ụbụrụ ischemic dịkwuo mma ma na-egbochi NLRP3 ọkụ ọkụ site na igbochi Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission na endoplasmic reticulum stress. Frontiers na Molecular Neuroscience, 11, 86. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00086
Miller, VJ, Villamena, FA, & Volek, JS (2018). Ketosis na-edozi ahụ na mitohormesis: ihe nwere ike ime maka ọrụ mitochondrial na ahụike mmadụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nri na metabolism, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5157645
Palmer, CD (2014). Ike ụbụrụ. Academic Press. https://brainenergy.com/
Qu, C., Keijer, J., Adjobo-Hermans, MJ, van de Wal, M., Schirris, T., van Karnebeek, C., … & Koopman, WJ (2021). Nri ketogenic dị ka atụmatụ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ na ọrịa mitochondrial. Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 138, 106050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106050
Swerdlow, NS, & Wilkins, HM (2020). Mitophagy na ụbụrụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụwa nke sayensị, 21(24), 9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249661
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